Everyone has a line. And I think mine just changed a little. Bitter Chocolate by Carol Off has caused me to reevaluate my line. The mysterious line about which I am speaking is the point at which our theoretical ethical framework kicks in and we make that most courageous of movements – the moral stand. Through the pages of Bitter Chocolate somewhere between the ancient Mayan civilisation and 21st century Australia, I shifted a little in my attitude toward chocolate.
Off is a Canadian journalist who in Bitter Chocolate details the history of chocolate from it's beginnings as a favoured drink in South America to the current multi-billion dollar confectionary industry. Weaved throughout the narrative of the cocoa seeds use in food is a story of imperialism, corporate greed, and slavery. As the book’s tagline suggests, Off highlights “The dark side of the world's most seductive treat."
In one sense, changing the mind of the reader could perhaps be the greatest indicator of a books success. Yet I'm not entirely certain it was through any persuasiveness of the writing that my particular view of the chocolate industry has been changed. Like I am discovering with a lot of reading, the underlying philosophical reasoning of the author is here found particularly close to the surface.
Some of Off’s stories are fascinating. The Spanish conquests in South America discovered a society that was run on cocoa - the beans acting as currency throughout the Mayan empire, or the accounts of how the various chocolate families (Mars, Cadbury, Hershey's, Nestle) came into being. At this level the book is engaging. However these nuggets of gold are found more towards the front end of the book, while the back-end slows as the narrative is dominated by Off's investigation into links between the exposing of child slavery in the cocoa fields of Cote D'Ivoire and the murder of a French-Canadian journalist Guy-Andre Keiffer.
Anti-capitalism is rife throughout the book. The majority of the blame in regards to the abuse of Africans is through the greed of corporations. I don't know if capitalism is a bad thing (unless it's that annoying thing Kanye West does where he WRITES EVERYTHING IN CAPITAL LETTERS), but I do know enforced child slavery is excessively evil, and yet I wasn't convinced of the almost exclusive blame Off laid on capitalists being the root cause of all that is evil in the industry.
Another fascinating aspect of the book is the supposed contradiction inherent in the Western chocolate-makers. The Cadbury's and Hershey's were philanthropists who it appears really did want to improve the lot of humankind. Both chocolate-makers built entire towns around their factories for the families of their workers. Cadbury created the town of Bournville (from which we get Bournville Cocoa) where it can be said the workers received the benefit of workers rights before such a thing existed. The Cadbury's gave workers areas for recreation, cheap housing, affordable loans and superannuation. And yet this generosity of spirit towards their workers stands in stark contrast to the blind eye turned to the rights of those thousands of slaves who were farming the cocoa in appalling circumstances.
The view given of Christians also raised questions for me. Blame seems to fall easily on the Spanish invaders of the Americas who in the name of the church were seeking to tame the savages. Off's position seems to be tainted with the commonly esteemed view of native society as a thing to be protected at all costs; the sentimentalism that gives rise to the view of the noble savage. Adding confusion to the picture is the unusual link of church and monarchy throughout the most prolific times of colonisation. So while atrocities may have been committed in the name of the church, it is inevitably difficult to see in many cases how the invaders were serving King Jesus more than their earthly King. Yet Off seems to be at pains to highlight the Spaniards Christianity at their moments of greatest abuses. The attention given here is unsurprisingly missing when Off is forced to concede that it was Christian missionaries (whose motives are inherently easier to identify) that alerted the world to the extent of abuse of children in the harvesting of cocoa in Africa.
Now back to my line. The natural end to the book is the focus on the fair trade cocoa industry; those companies which are seeking to purchase their cocoa in an ethically acceptable manner. In the past I havn’t taken much notice of the fair trade movement. It's not because I dislike Coldplay. It's mainly because of the Christian people I saw supporting it and the theological differences I had with them. It's not that they weren't Christian, but rather they seemed to be more interested in fair trade than the unfair trade of Jesus life for mine. Fair trade became a kind of gospel substitute - something to convict the world of that would have real and lasting impact in this age. And yet my dismissal was not very Christian of me. Because they were right. I should care where my chocolate comes from. I should desire to improve the lives of people I will never meet on the other side of the world through my purchasing choices. I should give fair trade a fair go. The words of Isaiah something something were echoing in my ears. Well, clearly not the words as I can't remember them, but definitely a discussion we had at Bible study late 2008 when part of God's indictment on Israel was their abuse of the disadvantaged to increase in their unrighteous wealth. One of the many wise women in the group Leisel likened it to us buying the cheapest milk available rather than Dairy Farmers milk which gives a fairer price to farmers. Others questioned the merits of shopping at Aldi. My conclusion was I preferred to be more frugal than philanthropic, that it was an issue of balance and I preferred to find the best price.
And yet now my line has changed. I am beginning to take a few wobbly steps as part of a moral stand. Am I boycotting the cocoa industry? Nah, if I didn't purchase from companies that did evil things I'd starve. But when buying tea, coffee or chocolate I have begun where possible, purchasing a fair trade alternative. We all have a line. In hindsight maybe my line hasn't changed as much as it should, but we all have a line. Where's yours?
This book was definitely food for thought, but that food is now fair trade.
Let me conclude with a completely irrelevant food joke which I recently had to retire because I realised the words were spelt differently.
Hostess to me:
"Would you like some pesto?
My reply,
"No thanks, I'm antipasto."